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New details have emerged about the San Jose, a Spanish galleon sunk by
British ships 300 years ago. The vessel was said to be transporting
gold, silver and precious gems collected in the South American colonies
to be shipped to Spain's King Philip V to help finance the war of
Spanish succession.
Colombia said it first discovered the wreck, located somewhere off the
coast of Cartagena, in 2015.
Last year, the president Juan Manuel Santos said the salvage operation
"begins a new chapter in the cultural and scientific history, not only
of Colombia but of the entire world".
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Meanwhile, a team of marine archaeologists, with the help of an
underwater robot, started an investigation and have published new
information about what has been uncovered so far. Some people have
already speculated it could be the most valuable shipwreck of all time
and worth billions.
The San Jose is one of thousands of shipwrecks around the world and
excavating historic cargo is an enticing prospect for archaeologists and
treasure hunters.
So, who has the rights to a shipwreck?
There are international agreements that have rules for some parts of the
treasure-hunting process.
However, the decision of who is entitled to keep the contents of a
valuable vessel tends to end up being made between countries under
international law, says Robert Mackintosh, a lawyer and archaeologist at
Southampton University.
"It's a very complex picture, as a lot of states and people can have a
lot of different and often competing interests in wrecks, interests
which have their origins in various different bodies of law," he said.
For example, the ship's original owner has a viable right to ownership.
But that right can be superseded by the country which owns the national
waters in which the ship was discovered.
'Plucked out of the air'
"The ocean is the world's greatest museum," says marine archaeologist
Peter Campbell.
And hunting for treasure on sunken ships is big business.
Speculation about the value of the contents of a wreck can skyrocket
even before items have been removed.
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But often the operational costs of the archaeological investigation can
be higher than the value of the wreck itself, says Mr Campbell.
News reports suggest the contents of the San Jose might be worth up to
$17bn (£12.7bn). Although when the Colombian government went public with
the discovery in 2015, the estimated value of the treasure reported was
between $1bn and $10bn.
That $17bn figure "seems to have been plucked out of the air", says Mr
Campbell.
Even so, experts agree that the San Jose has immense financial and
cultural value.
What does the law say?
The 2001 Unesco convention on underwater cultural heritage includes
rules to help guide best practice for underwater excavations and
guidelines regarding the qualifications required for people involved in
conservation and site management.
The part of Unesco that oversees underwater heritage sites told the BBC
it would be delighted to play a role settling claims over shipwrecks.
However, it says it has not been approached to act in that capacity.
A country may claim ownership of a wreck if it owned the ship in the
first place. Even if a vessel was sunk and abandoned for hundreds of
years the original owner can still claim ownership rights.
There have also been cases of a country transferring ownership of the
ship to another country for the vessel to be displayed in a museum.
However, ownership can be complicated by the location of the wreck if it
lies in the territorial waters of another state.
Under international law, a country has complete sovereignty over these
waters and so essentially can do what it wants in terms of taking
ownership, says Mr Mackintosh. There are further legal ramifications if
the wreck lies in international waters.
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When a ship has been discovered, the country where the ship was
registered can point to something called sovereign immunity (in addition
to claims of ownership). This refers to a specific category of ships
that are immune from legal proceedings by another state. Warships and
other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes enjoy
sovereign immunity, says Mr Mackintosh.
Under the sovereign immunity principle in 2009, a judge in the US ruled
the court lacked jurisdiction over a case involving a treasure hunting
company called Odyssey Marine Exploration and the wreck of the Spanish
ship the Nuestra Senora de las Mercedes.
The US company found 17 tonnes of coins off the coast of Gibraltar and
transported them to the US.
But the company was ordered to give back the haul - an estimated half a
million coins and other artefacts - to the government of Spain.
Odyssey said they found the wreck in international waters and claimed
salvage rights. Spain said it had never relinquished ownership of the
ship's cargo and the coins were part of the country's national heritage.
The origins of contents of a ship may also be disputed. For example, in
the case involving Odyssey and the Mercedes shipwreck, Peru submitted
claims to US courts that stated that the origin of the precious cargo
was Peru where the coins were mined and minted while it was part of the
Spanish empire.
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