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The US is the only country that has used the atom
bomb in war. Some 66 years after Hiroshima, feelings about the
decision's validity remain polarized. It may take decades to consider
the issue dispassionately in public.
It's a touchy subject for Obama. During his Japan visit, neither
Hiroshima nor Nagasaki was on the agenda.
Asked in Tokyo if he thought the dropping of the bomb had been
justified, he dodged the question.
"I certainly would be honored – it would be meaningful for me to visit
those two cities in the future," he said, but added that he had no
concrete travel plans.
In 2010, Obama for the first time in history sent an official US
government representative to a memorial event in Japan.
"Obama would probably very gladly bring the issue to a close," said
historian Richard Rhodes, who received a Pulitzer Prize for his book,
"The Making of the Atomic Bomb."
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"But he could only do this in his second term," Rhodes added. Until now,
no ruling president has visited the two cities, and Rhodes is convinced
that such a step would draw heavy protest from conservative politicians
– and voters.
Many Americans would see such a visit as an admission of guilt – for
something that, in the eyes of many, doesn't need to be excused.
War crime, or means to an end?
The atomic option, Rhodes says, belonged to the military's repertoire at
that time, just like other forms of aerial warfare – like carpet bombing
– today considered far too indiscriminate.
"One wanted to avoid the trench warfare of World War I," Rhodes said, in
addition to retaliating against the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor.
For Jacob Hornberger, founder and president of the libertarian "Future
of Freedom Foundation," the dropping of the bomb was "one of the worst
war crimes in history," and should never have occurred.
"To attack civilians is a war crime," he said, adding that the United
States owed Japan an official apology.
But that's not likely to come any time soon, although opinions of the
action have changed over time, according to Allan Winkler, a historian
at Miami University in Ohio.
What initially was justified through military necessity has since been
reconsidered in the context of the looming Cold War.
"They wanted to prevent Japan from being occupied by the Russians," he
said.
Indeed, many historians think the dropping of the bomb became inevitable
the moment J. Robert Oppenheimer started the Manhattan Project.
Piqued veterans
But many World War II veterans – especially those involved in dropping
the bomb – bridle at doubts about the validity of the decision.
On the 50th anniversary of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
1995, the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., wanted to
display artifacts from Japan next to the B-29 aircraft that dropped the
bomb.
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These included, for example, a partially burned clock with the time of
the Hiroshima attack – 8:15 –frozen on its face.
But Air Force veterans strongly protested the move, remembers Rhodes,
who at the time was on the committee that recommended the display piece
to the museum.
It wasn't the first time that soldiers had refused to show anything that
documented the destructive power of the bomb, according to Rhodes.
"The veterans wanted for the exhibit to only celebrate the plane and its
crew," he said.
Particularly graphic photos were not to be shown, he added. And the
veterans succeeded, as the exhibit showed only pieces of the aircraft,
and interviews with the crew.
Objective reflection only in time
"This controversy shows how at odds Americans still are when it comes to
the bombing," Rhodes said. The reactions surprised him, he admitted,
because the destruction is a simple fact.
"There has been a reluctance on the part of Americans since World War II
to acknowledge the destructive power of their own weapons," he said,
adding that it likely takes "100 years" for people "to make unbiased
judgments about a war."
Today, 16 years after the 50th anniversary, such an exhibit would
perhaps not be so controversial. But one can't be sure. Because, the
historian said, "feelings that are associated with the violence of war,
especially relating to civilians, can persist beyond generations."
Nevertheless, historians also confirm that Americans currently have
concerns beyond the immense power of their country's nuclear weaponry.
The Cold War is over, and even the Russians' nuclear weapons aren't
considered an urgent threat. The military has generally backed away from
carpet bombing.
Schoolchildren no longer learn how to "duck and cover," or hide under
their desks in case of a nuclear attack. The era of the private bomb
shelter is also over.
But that doesn't mean that nuclear weapons don't pose a threat anymore –
especially considering the fact that many terrorist groups have made it
an explicit goal to attain them, even if only in the form of a 'dirty'
bomb of relatively low power.
Which is one reason why President Obama favors nuclear disarmament. But
that will surely prove a long-term project. |