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Some might assume it to be a mirage. Rising out of
the desert in the South Arabian Peninsula, ancient high-rise apartment
buildings made of mud meet the eye. Centuries before the modern age of
skyscrapers dawned in Chicago and New York, the Middle East had its own
skyscraper city – the oldest on earth. This is Shibam in Yemen, a place
thought to have existed since the 2nd century AD.
Constructed out of mud bricks made from local clay, around 500 of
Shibam’s buildings are tower houses standing between and 5 and 11
storeys tall. These are the tallest mud buildings in the world, some of
them soaring over 100 feet high. Like the fortified wall that surrounds
this fortress city, the building practice was employed to protect
inhabitants from attacks by marauding Bedouin tribes.
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The urban planning is such that the streets are too narrow for traffic
to pass through, though it seems the lack of cars does not adversely
affect Shibam’s 7,000 or so inhabitants who are content with the peace
and lack of pollution this provides. The tightly packed nature of the
houses also means that from a distance they appear as one block – a
fortified design that made attackers think twice.
Shibam has been around for approximately 2000 years, but is sometimes
considered a 16th century city, as this is the period from which most of
its houses originate. However, like all cities it has changed like a
living organism and its houses have been rebuilt over and over again
during the last few centuries.
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They houses needed to be rebuilt over the centuries. Rain and erosion
have been constant threats to the buildings here. To protect their
homes, residents must thickly coat the facades and roofs with sealant,
and ensure they are maintained and regularly renovated.
Twenty years ago Shibam was in danger of becoming a ghost town as
residents left in search of an easier life, but the city was saved from
crumbling away by restoration and urban development programmes.
Meanwhile, as recently as 2008, serious floods struck following tropical
storms, with flood waters undermining the foundations of many of the
buildings and leading to their collapse.
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Other recent threats have proven less predictable. In 2009, a suicide
bombing blamed on al Qaeda killed four South Korean tourists and left
several others wounded. Such tragedies aside, unless a major catastrophe
befalls Shibam, this UNESCO world heritage site will remain one of the
earliest and best examples of urban planning based on vertical
construction – and the pinnacle of what building in clay can bring. |