Gone are the days when the term "climate change" was solely discussed among conservationists and climate activists. Today, it evokes alarming and destructive images, especially in the context of Pakistan. This country has experienced significant suffering due to the impacts of climate change, particularly evident in devastating floods and torrential rains. Despite being responsible for less than 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions, Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable nations to climate change threats.
A recent UN report highlights the severe hardships faced by people in 35 districts affected by floods, particularly during harsh winters. Another report, complementing the post-disaster needs assessment, emphasizes the food shortages, increased disease prevalence, and lack of safe drinking water and sanitation. It also highlights the potential long-term impact on children, including stunting and malnutrition. These reports serve as alarming indicators of the impending crises that loom ahead. If these urgent problems are not addressed promptly, the burden on Pakistan will continue to escalate, while the nation's economy remains fragile, and the specter of default looms.
Pakistan, with its favorable geographical conditions and fertile land, possesses abundant natural resources and experiences four distinct seasons, allowing for the cultivation of various crops, including vegetables and fruits. However, the country has struggled to fully capitalize on its rich resources, primarily due to a lack of attention and awareness.
One significant challenge faced by Pakistan is the occurrence of devastating floods, which are often attributed to alleged deforestation. Reports indicate that approximately 2.5% (equivalent to about 1,902,000 hectares) of Pakistan's land is covered by forests. However, between 1990 and 2000, the country experienced an average annual loss of 41,100 hectares of forest, resulting in an average deforestation rate of 1.63%. Another figure highlights that Pakistan lost 14.7% of its forest cover between 1990 and 2005. Moreover, data from the Global Forest Watch Organization reveals that from 2001 to 2005, Pakistan witnessed a loss of 9.75% of its tree population. Such rapid deforestation rates have painted a picture of negligence regarding forest preservation in the nation.
Trees, often referred to as the "lungs of the earth," play a vital role in maintaining the planet's temperature. They not only benefit the environment but also support the well-being of human beings and all other living creatures. Trees serve as powerful allies in combating the disasters brought about by climate change. They generate fresh oxygen, making the planet habitable.
Mangrove trees, specifically, have been recognized for their ability to fortify coastal areas against encroaching seawater. These mangrove forests protect neighboring land from erosion caused by the sea while providing sustenance and energy to marine life. Additionally, they offer protection against hurricanes and storms. Unfortunately, Pakistan has experienced a significant decline in mangrove forests over an extended period.
The lack of gas availability is often cited as one of the common reasons for tree cutting, both officially and privately. A significant portion of the population in Pakistan lives without access to gas, which leads to increased reliance on wood for cooking. However, the extensive tree cutting raises doubts, and there are allegations of illegal tree cutting and selling in the market under the guise of using them for cooking purposes.
Pakistan is geographically blessed with fertile land and experiences four distinct seasons, allowing for the cultivation of various seasonal crops, including vegetables and fruits. However, the country has not fully harnessed its rich natural resources due to a lack of attention and awareness. The proper maintenance of forests like Sadh Belo in Sukkur, Sindh, and Ziarat juniper forest in Baluchistan, among others, has been neglected. If these forests receive adequate attention and government support, they can serve as excellent recreational destinations for domestic and international visitors. Additionally, they can contribute significantly to the national economy and act as a protective shield against climate vulnerability.
In conclusion, climate vulnerability poses a significant threat, particularly for developing nations. Addressing these destructive vulnerabilities requires high levels of attention and awareness, along with necessary funds from developed nations. The federal and provincial governments must recognize the potential of afforestation and the detrimental effects of deforestation. It is crucial for them to implement appropriate measures to curb deforestation. Moreover, the nation as a whole should actively participate in awareness campaigns against deforestation and climate vulnerabilities, as it is only through collective effort that meaningful change can be achieved.