Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25th December 1876 at Vazeer
Mansion Karachi, was the first of seven children of Jinnahbhai, a prosperous
merchant. After being taught at home, Jinnah was sent to the Sindh Madrasasah
High School in 1887. Later he attended the Mission High School, where, at the
age of 16, he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay.
On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to
acquire business experience. Jinnah, however, had made up his mind to become a
barrister. In keeping with the custom of the time, his parents arranged for an
early marriage for him before he left for England.
In London he joined Lincoln's Inn, one of the legal societies that prepared
students for the bar. In 1895, at the age of 19, he was called to the bar. While
in London Jinnah suffered two severe bereavements--the deaths of his wife and
his mother. Nevertheless, he completed his formal studies and also made a study
of the British political system, frequently visiting the House of Commons. He
was greatly influenced by the liberalism of William E. Gladstone, who had become
prime minister for the fourth time in 1892, the year of Jinnah's arrival in
London. Jinnah also took a keen interest in the affairs of India and in Indian
students. When the Parsi leader Dadabhai Naoroji, a leading Indian nationalist,
ran for the English Parliament, Jinnah and other Indian students worked day and
night for him. Their efforts were crowned with success, and Naoroji became the
first Indian to sit in the House of Commons.
When Jinnah returned to Karachi in 1896, he found that his
father's business had suffered losses and that he now had to depend on himself.
He decided to start his legal practice in Bombay, but it took him years of work
to establish himself as a lawyer.
It was nearly 10 years later that he turned toward active politics. A man
without hobbies, his interest became divided between law and politics. Nor was
he a religious zealot: he was a Muslim in a broad sense and had little to do
with sects. His interest in women was also limited to Ruttenbai--the daughter of
Sir Dinshaw Petit, a Bombay Parsi millionaire--whom he married over tremendous
opposition from her parents and others. The marriage proved an unhappy one. It
was his sister Fatima who gave him solace and company.
Entry into politics.
Jinnah first entered politics by participating in the 1906 Calcutta session of
the Indian National Congress, the party that called for dominion status and
later for independence for India. Four years later he was elected to the
Imperial Legislative Council--the beginning of a long and distinguished
parliamentary career. In Bombay he came to know, among other important Congress
personalities, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, the eminent Maratha leader. Greatly
influenced by these nationalist politicians, Jinnah aspired during the early
part of his political life to become "a Muslim Gokhale." Admiration for British
political institutions and an eagerness to raise the status of India in the
international community and to develop a sense of Indian nationhood among the
peoples of India were the chief elements of his politics. At that time, he still
looked upon Muslim interests in the context of Indian nationalism.
But, by the beginning of the 20th century, the conviction had been growing among
the Muslims that their interests demanded the preservation of their separate
identity rather than amalgamation in the Indian nation that would for all
practical purposes be Hindu. Largely to safeguard Muslim interests, the
All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906. But Jinnah remained aloof from it.
Only in 1913, when authoritatively assured that the league was as devoted as the
Congress to the political emancipation of India, did Jinnah join the league.
When the Indian Home Rule League was formed, he became its chief organiser in
Bombay and was elected president of the Bombay branch.
"Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity." Jinnah's endeavours to bring about
thepolitical union of Hindus and Muslims earned him the title of "the best
ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity," an epithet coined by Gokhale. It was largely
through his efforts that the Congress and the Muslim League began to hold their
annual sessions jointly, to facilitate mutual consultation and participation. In
1915 the two organisations held their meetings in Bombay and in 1916 in Lucknow,
where the Lucknow Pact was concluded. Under the terms of the pact, the two
organisations put their seal to a scheme of constitutional reform that became
their joint demand vis-à-vis the British government. There was a good deal of
give and take, but the Muslims obtained one important concession in the shape of
separate electorates, already conceded to them by the government in 1909 but
hitherto resisted by the Congress.
Meanwhile, a new force in Indian politics had appeared in the person of Mohandas
K. Gandhi. Both the Home Rule League and the Indian National Congress had come
under his sway. Opposed to Gandhi's Non-co-operation Movement and his
essentially Hindu approach to politics, Jinnah left both the League and the
Congress in 1920. For a few years he kept himself aloof from the main political
movements. He continued to be a firm believer in Hindu-Muslim unity and
constitutional methods for the achievement of political ends. After his
withdrawal from the Congress, he used the Muslim League platform for the
propagation of his views. But during the 1920s the Muslim League, and with it
Jinnah, had been overshadowed by the Congress and the religiously oriented
Muslim Khilafat committee.
When the failure of the Non-co-operation Movement and the emergence of Hindu
revivalist movements led to antagonism and riots between the Hindus and Muslims,
the league gradually began to come into its own. Jinnah's problem during the
following years was to convert the league into an enlightenedpolitical body
prepared to co-operate with other organisations working for the good of India.
In addition, he had to convince the Congress, as a prerequisite for political
progress, of the necessity of settling the Hindu-Muslim conflict.
To bring about such a rapprochement was Jinnah's chief purpose during the late
1920s and early 1930s. He worked toward this end within the legislative
assembly, at the Round Table Conferences in London (1930-32), and through his 14
points, which included proposals for a federal form of government, greater
rights for minorities, one-third representation for Muslims in the central
legislature, separation of the predominantly Muslim Sindh region from the rest
of the Bombay province, and the introduction of reforms in the north-west
Frontier Province. But he failed. His failure to bring about even minor
amendments in the Nehru Committee proposals (1928) over the question of separate
electorates and reservation of seats for Muslims in the legislatures frustrated
him. He found himself in a peculiar position at this time; many Muslims thought
that he was too nationalistic in his policy and that Muslim interests were not
safe in his hands, while the Indian National Congress would not even meet the
moderate Muslim demands halfway. Indeed, the Muslim League was a house divided
against itself. The Punjab Muslim League repudiated Jinnah's leadership and
organised itself separately. In disgust, Jinnah decided to settle in England.
From 1930 to 1935 he remained in London, devoting himself to practice before the
Privy Council. But when constitutional changes were in the offing, he was
persuaded to return home to head a reconstituted Muslim League.
Soon preparations started for the elections under the Government of India Act of
1935. Jinnah was still thinking in terms of co-operation between the Muslim
League and the Hindu Congress and with coalition governments in the provinces.
But the elections of 1937 proved to be a turning point in the relations between
the two organisations. The Congress obtained an absolute majority in six
provinces, and the league did not do particularly well. The Congress decided not
to include the league in the formation of provincial governments, and exclusive
all-Congress governments were.
Creator of Pakistan.
Jinnah had originally been dubious about the practicability of Pakistan, an idea
that Sir Muhammad Iqbal had propounded to the Muslim League conference of 1930;
but before long he became convinced that a Muslim homeland on the Indian
subcontinent was the only way of safeguarding Muslim interests and the Muslim
way of life. It was not religious persecution that he feared so much as the
future exclusion of Muslims from all prospects of advancement within India as
soon as power became vested in the close-knit structure of Hindu social
organisation. To guard against this danger he carried on a nation-wide campaign
to warn his coreligionists of the perils of their position, and he converted the
Muslim League into a powerful instrument for unifying the Muslims into a nation.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, addressing a procession on 23rd March, 1940
At this point, Jinnah emerged as the leader of a renascent Muslim nation. Events
began to move fast. On March 22-23, 1940, in Lahore, the league adopted a
resolution to form a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. The Pakistan idea was
first ridiculed and then tenaciously opposed by the Congress. But it captured
the imagination of the Muslims. Pitted against Jinnah were men of the stature of
Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. And the British government seemed to be intent on
maintaining the political unity of the Indian subcontinent. But Jinnah led his
movement with such skill and tenacity that ultimately both the Congress and the
British government had no option but to agree to the partitioning of India.
Pakistan thus emerged as an independent state in 14th August, 1947.
Jinnah became the first head of the new state i.e. Pakistan. He took oath as the
first governor general on August 15, 1947. Faced with the serious problems of a
young nation, he tackled Pakistan's problems with authority. He was not regarded
as merely the governor-general; he was revered as the father of the nation. He
worked hard until overpowered by age and disease in Karachi. He died on 11th
September, 1948 at Karachi.