IBN AL-BAITAR
(DIED 1248 C.E.)
Abu Muhammad Abdallah Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Baitar Dhiya al-Din al-Malaqi was one of
the greatest scientists of Muslim Spain and was the greatest botanist and
pharmacist of the Middle Ages. He was born in the Spanish city of Malaqa
(Malaga) towards the end of the 12th century. He learned botany from Abu al-Abbas
al-Nabati, a learned botanist, with whom he started collecting plants in and
around Spain. In 1219 he left Spain on a plant-collecting expedition and
travelled along the northern coast of Africa as far as Asia Minor. The exact
modes of his travel (whether by land or sea) are not known, but the major
stations he visited include Bugia, Qastantunia (Constantinople), Tunis, Tripoli,
Barqa and Adalia. After 1224 he entered the service of al-Kamil, the Egyptian
Governor, and was appointed chief herbalist. In 1227 al-Kamil extended his
domination to Damascus, and Ibn al-Baitar accompanied him there which provided
him an opportunity to collect plants in Syria His researches on plants extended
over a vast area:including Arabia and Palestine, which he either visited or
managed to collect plants from stations located there. He died in Damascus in
1248.
Ibn Baitar's major contribution, Kitab al-Jami fi al-Adwiya al- Mufrada, is one
of the greatest botanical compilations dealing with medicinal plants in Arabic.
It enjoyed a high status among botanists up to the 16th century and is a
systematic work that embodies earlier works, with due criticism, and adds a
great part of original contribution. The encyclopaedia comprises some 1,400
different items, largely medicinal plants and vegetables, of which about 200
plants were not known earlier. The book refers to the work of some 150 authors
mostly Arabic, and it also quotes about 20 early Greek scientists. It was
translated into Latin and published in 1758.
His second monumental treatise Kitab al-Mlughni fi al-Adwiya al-Mufrada is an
encyclopaedia of medicine. The drugs are listed in accordance with their
therapeutical value. Thus, its 20 different chapters deal with the plants
bearing significance to diseases of head, ear, eye, etc. On surgical issues he
has frequently quoted the famous Muslim surgeon, Abul Qasim Zahrawi. Besides
Arabic, Baitar has given Greek and Latin names of the plants, thus facilitating
transfer of knowledge.
Ibn Baitar's contributions are characterised by observation, analysis and
classification and have exerted a profound influence on Eastern as well as
Western botany and medicine. Though the Jami was translated/published late in
the western languages as mentioned above, yet many scientists had earlier
studied various parts of the book and made several references to it.