When the English imprisoned Abu
Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar (1775-1862), the last Indian Moghul
Emperor, in the Jail of Rangoon in 1857, instead of Indian Flag, Union Jack
started hoisting at Dehli's Red Fort and Queen Victoria became the ruler of
India, at that time, many country patriots came into the field united to fight
against the British rule. Maulana Muhammad Qasmi Nanautavi (1832-1879) was one
of them too. In 1857, one Fatwa for Jihad against the English was issued. The
Fatwa carried the signature of 34 prominent Ulama. One among them was Maulana
Nanautavi himself. As other elders had participated in the Jihad of Shamli in
1857, Maulana Nanautavi also had participated personally. Briefly, in the battle
of Shamli, Nanautavi and his colleagues got defeated.
Maulana Nanautavi was a far sighted scholar. He comprehended that the British
has not only occupied India and would attack the Indian culture, but even the
faith of Indians would be at risk. Therefore, while on the one hand, he started
fighting against the English, he began debating with clergyman on the other. But
to that time, the freedom wasn't for India, so he didn't succeed in the mission.
In this situation, intending to free India from the British rule, in the company
of some friends, Maulana Nanautavi adopted another policy to establish a Madrasa
on 21st May, 1866 (a famous learning centre of Indian Subcontinent, Darul Uloom,
Deoband) beneath a pomegranate tree in Chattah Masjid of Deoband, so that, the
trained products of the Madrasa would sacrifice themselves to preserve the
country and Islam both in British India. By the grace of Almighty Allah,
Nanautavi succeeded in his mission and a good number of Darul Uloom's product
gave sacrifices for the sake of Indian freedom and Islam.
The noted Islamic scholar Maulana Manazir Ahsan Gilani (1892-19...) quoted in
his book, "Ihaatae Darul Uloom Men Beete Huwe Din" (The Days Passed in the
Campus of Darul Uloom) from his teacher and the first graduate of the seminary,
Shaikhul Hind Mahmood Hasan Deobandi (1851-1920) saying:
"Did my teacher (Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi) establish this seminary only
for the teaching and learning? The seminary was established before me, as far as
my knowledge goes, my teacher established this one in 1866 to compensate the
defeat of 1857 from the British. I have chosen the same mission for which it was
established before me."
Very few people know the fact: "In the meeting of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind at Kolkata
in 1926, the participants included graduates of Darul Uloom, Deoband and they
supported the group which called for complete independence of India from the
British rule. The Indian National Congress was to declare complete independence
as its goal three years later, in its session at Lahore." (Wikipedia, Darul
Uloom Deoband)
The famous freedom fighter, Frontier Gandhi, Khan Abdu Ghaffar Khan (1890-1988),
who visited Darul Uloom, during his visit to India in 1969, had said, "I have
had relation with Darul Uloom since the time, Shaikhul Hind Maulana Mahmood
Hasan, was alive. Sitting here, we used to make plans for the independence
movement, as to how we might drive away the English from this country and how we
could make India free the yoke of slavery of the British Raj. This institution
has made great efforts for the freedom of this country." (Wikipedia, Darul Uloom
Deoband)
Due to the great interest in India's freedom struggle, Shaikhul Hind became an
icon of Indian independence movement. Though he was a teacher of Darul Uloom,
Deoband, but made much effort to start an armed revolution against British rule
from the both inside and outside India. He started a programme to train
volunteers and his students in the seminary from India and abroad for that goal.
The most eminent among those who joined the movement were his students: Maulana
Ubaidullah Sindhi (1872-1944), Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani (1879-1957), Maulana
Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari etc.
Shaikhul Hind sent Maulana Sindhi to Kabul and Ansari to the North-West Frontier
Province to mobilize the popular support and recruit volunteers. And he with
Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani travelled to Hijaaz to secure Turkish support.
Getting the Turkish governor, Ghalib Pasha's signature on a declaration of Jihad
against the British, he planned to return to India via Baghdad and Bluchistan to
start the rebellion.
When Shaikhul Hind planned to return, the Silken Kerchief Movement was captured
by the Punjab CID. Due to this movement, Shaikhul Hind was arrested in Hijaaz.
He was imprisoned in Malta, where he was tortured mercilessly, for more than
three years.
Here it seems necessary to mention that what was the Silken Kerchief Movement.
Shaikhul Hind wanted an armed revolution against the British rule, as I
mentioned. So, he needed arms and ammunition. He and his colleagues, therefore,
travelled to different countries to seek support from the anti-British
countries; such as Afghanistan, Turkey and Russia. During the visiting different
countries, letter exchanged between Shaikhul Hind and his colleagues, containing
the outlines of the plan to recruit the volunteers for army and to establish a
national government were written on silk piece of cloth. That is why the
movement was known as the Silk Letter Movement/Tahreeke Reshmi Rumal (in
Urdu)/Silk Letter Conspiracy (according to British government).
When he returned to India, after release, was conferred upon by the title of
Shaikhul Hind, leading leader of India. Now he issued a Fatwa making it a duty
of all Indian Muslims to support and participate with Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948)
and the Indian National Congress, who had prescribed a policy of non-cooperation
and mass civil disobedience through non-violence. He died on November 30, 1920
wishing to get martyrdom for India's freedom.
Though Shaikhul Hind was no more, but he left a good number of students, who
followed the footprint of their elders and worked tirelessly for the freedom of
India. Maulana Ubaidullah Sindhi (1872-1944), a 1891's graduate of Darul Uloom,
was also among them. He was the most active and prominent member of India's
freedom movement. He was among those leaders of Darul Uloom who left India,
following the commandment of Shaikhul Hind, during World War 1, to get support
of the anti-British central powers for an armed revolution against British rule.
Maulana Sindhi reached Kabul to rally the Afghan Amir Habibullah Khan. After a
period of time, he offered his support to Raja Mahendra Praratab's plans for
revolution in India with German support. He joined the Provisional Government of
India formed in Kabul on 1st December, 1915. In this government, he was
nominated the Minister for India. It was declared a revolutionary government in
exile, which was supposed to take the charge of independent India, if the
British government has been overthrown according to the plan. But unfortunately,
in 1919, the provisional government was dissolved under the diplomatic pressure
to Afghanistan. He stayed in Afghanistan for 7-year nearly. Then visiting Soviet
Russia,he reached Turkey, where he issued the charter for the independence of
India from Istanbul. He left Turkey for Hijaz and remained there until 1929. He
journeyed from a country to country for the sake of India's independence. He
died on 22nd August, 1944, at Deenpur in Pakistan.
Shikhul Islam Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani (1879-1957) was also one of the
Shaikhul-Hind's students and graduate and latter Professor of Hadith at Darul
Uloom, Deoband. Though he had been not convicted, but he accompanied Shaikhul
Hind to Malta voluntarily, to take care of him. He stayed in Malta three years
upto the release of Shaikhul Hind. Returning to India, he actively became
involved in the freedom struggle. He had been imprisoned several times by the
British authority for his participation in the freedom movement. It was he who
dared to issue a Fatwa in the meeting of Indian National Congress at Karachi
that working as British army and police is Haraam. After this Fatwa, he was
rewarded two years rigorous imprisonment. He never stepped down from the freedom
struggle movement, until India got freedom.
At the time of independence, the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress
were at logger heads on partition of united India. On that occasion, Madani
opposed the partition thoroughly. He journeyed the different provinces of India
along with Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (1888-1958) and Mahatama Gandhi to assure the
people safety and security and tried his level best to stop them to migrate from
India to Pakistan. Many people targeted him, but he never conformed to the
opinion of the partition. After the independence, he was served a ministry, but
he refused and restricted himself under the four walls of Darul Uloom and Jamiat
Ulama-e-Hind for teaching and social works. Like Madani and Sindhi, there were
hundreds of Darul Uloom's graduates, who actively took part in the freedom
struggle of India. To mention the works of those patriots, the volumes and
volumes are required.
It's sorrowful matter that historians of modern India ignored completely the
role played and efforts made by Darul Uloom for India's freedom struggle. Today,
most of the people aren't aware of this historical institution. Some people know
that Darul Uloom is a conservative seminary that produces merely Maulanas or a
factory that only issues Fatwaas. And some say that Darul Uloom is "a Station of
Terrorism" and "it produces terrorists". This one is a famous opinion among
Hindu fundamentalists, while the fact is otherwise as I stated in the essay.
It's a bird's eye view of the role of Darul Uloom, Deoband in India's freedom
struggle. One who is interested on the topic, should go through the book,
"Taarikhe Darul Uloom" (History of Darul Uloom). May Allah accept the works of
the seminary!
(The author is a graduate of Darul Uloom, Deoband and teacher of Moon Rays Trust
School, Zambia, S. Africa.)